Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest metabolic and endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterised by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology.
While significant progress has been made in understanding PCOS, several research questions remain. For instance, there is a need for further investigation into the aetiology of PCOS, including the role of genetic and environmental factors, to aid in earlier diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, while some therapies have been effective in managing the symptoms of PCOS, their long-term efficacy and safety remain uncertain. There is a need to better understand the long-term health consequences of PCOS, particularly regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer risk.
Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, and appropriate medical interventions can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve the overall health outcomes of women with PCOS. Looking forward, there is a need for a multidisciplinary approach to studying PCOS, including collaborations between researchers, healthcare providers, and patient advocacy groups. This may involve developing new tools and technologies for diagnosis and treatment and exploring novel interventions and therapies.
There is a growing recognition of the importance of PCOS as a significant health issue affecting millions of women worldwide, and continued research efforts will be critical for improving diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes for those affected by the condition.
References
Azziz, R. et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16057, doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.57 (2016).
Knochenhauer, E. S. et al. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83, 3078-3082, doi:10.1210/jcem.83.9.5090 (1998).
Usadi, R. S. & Legro, R. S. Reproductive impact of polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 19, 505-511, doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e328359ff92 (2012).
Teede, H. J. et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 110, 364-379, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004 (2018).
Dokras, A. et al. Gaps in knowledge among physicians regarding diagnostic criteria and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 107, 1380-1386.e1381, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.04.011 (2017).
Gibson-Helm, M., Teede, H., Dunaif, A. & Dokras, A. Delayed Diagnosis and a Lack of Information Associated With Dissatisfaction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102, 604-612, doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2963 (2017).
Lin, A. W. et al. Trust in Physicians and Medical Experience Beliefs Differ Between Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2, 1001-1009, doi:10.1210/js.2018-00181 (2018).
Hoeger, K. M., Dokras, A. & Piltonen, T. Update on PCOS: Consequences, Challenges, and Guiding Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106, e1071-e1083, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa839 (2021).
Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81, 19-25, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004 (2004).
Yang, R. et al. Effects of hyperandrogenism on metabolic abnormalities in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 14, 67, doi:10.1186/s12958-016-0203-8 (2016).
Dumesic, D. A., Abbott, D. H., Sanchita, S. & Chazenbalk, G. D. Endocrine-Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: an Evolutionary Perspective. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res 12, 41-48, doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2020.02.013 (2020).
Teede, H. J. et al. Longitudinal weight gain in women identified with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of an observational study in young women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21, 1526-1532, doi:10.1002/oby.20213 (2013).
Hiam, D. et al. The Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Overview of Candidate Gene Systematic Reviews and Genome-Wide Association Studies. J Clin Med 8, doi:10.3390/jcm8101606 (2019).
Khan, M. J., Ullah, A. & Basit, S. Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Current Perspectives. Appl Clin Genet 12, 249-260, doi:10.2147/tacg.S200341 (2019).
Lim, S. S., Davies, M. J., Norman, R. J. & Moran, L. J. Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 18, 618-637, doi:10.1093/humupd/dms030 (2012).
Daan, N. M. et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic profiles amongst different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes: who is really at risk? Fertil Steril 102, 1444-1451.e1443, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.08.001 (2014).
Islam, H., Masud, J., Islam, Y. N. & Haque, F. K. M. An update on polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the current state of knowledge in diagnosis, genetic etiology, and emerging treatment options. Womens Health (Lond) 18, 17455057221117966, doi:10.1177/17455057221117966 (2022).
Vanky, E. & Loevvik, T. Polycystic ovary syndrome and pregnancy – From a clinical perspective. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research 12, doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2020.01.005 (2020).
Hanson, B. et al. Female infertility, infertility-associated diagnoses, and comorbidities: a review. J Assist Reprod Genet 34, 167-177, doi:10.1007/s10815-016-0836-8 (2017).
Barry, J. A., Azizia, M. M. & Hardiman, P. J. Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 20, 748-758, doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu012 (2014).
Teede, H., Deeks, A. & Moran, L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med 8, 41, doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-41 (2010).
Lim, S. S. et al. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3, Cd007506, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub4 (2019).
Chemerinski, A. et al. Knowledge of PCOS in physicians-in-training: identifying gaps and educational opportunities. Gynecol Endocrinol 36, 854-859, doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1746761 (2020).
Cooney, L. G. et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy improves weight loss and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 110, 161-171.e161, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.028 (2018).
Jiskoot, G. et al. Long-term effects of a three-component lifestyle intervention on emotional well-being in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 15, e0233876, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233876 (2020).
Naderpoor, N. et al. Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 21, 560-574, doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv025 (2015).
Sabbadin, C. et al. Spironolactone and intermenstrual bleeding in polycystic ovary syndrome with normal BMI. J Endocrinol Invest 39, 1015-1021, doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0466-0 (2016).
Bargiota, A. & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 3, 27-47, doi:10.1177/2042018812437355 (2012).
Bordewijk, E. M. et al. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling for ovulation induction in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, Cd001122, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001122.pub5 (2020).
Ortiz-Flores, A. E., Luque-Ramírez, M. & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. Pharmacotherapeutic management of comorbid polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 19, 1915-1926, doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1528231 (2018).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Array